This recap of four sessions on gender and monastic reform in the Middle Ages at the International Medieval Congress, July 2017—#s1030, #s1130, #s1230, #s1330—was originally published at Storify until that service closed down.
Recent years have seen tremendous progress in the study of how institutional, liturgical, and spiritual reform was planned, debated, implemented, and challenged in monastic communities of the medieval period. This includes a significant amount of research on gender aspects of monastic culture, and on male-female relations in the context of women’s monasticism: yet so far, discussions for distinct periods have rarely intersected. These four sessions sought to address this lack of cross-temporal debate.
Today at #imc2017 I am going to reform – so see you at #s1030 and #s1130 on gender & monastic reform!
— Magistra et Mater (@magistraetmater) July 5, 2017
Session 1030: Gendered Perspectives on Monastic Reform, I: Early Medieval Transformations
The first speaker was Anne-Marie Helvétius on “Reforming Male and Female Communities in Merovingian Gaul.”
Helvétius: Religious women more often sanctimoniales than monachae b/c more emphasis on virginity in their ID #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Helvétius: Main familial foundations in Merovingian Gail were double or female communities #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Helvétius: Religious women's renunciation of world therefore much more about chastity/giving up possibility of women than #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Helvétius: shutting selves off entirely; Merovingian religious women remain more active in the world than male counterparts #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Helvétius: Vita of Radegund shows many nuns more keen to take part of Mary than Martha? Not keen on manual labour! #s1030 #imc2017 pic.twitter.com/zJ8SHCtucz
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Helvétius: Though not exclusively female practice, cult of Holy Cross more often found in women's comms #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
The next speaker was Albrecht Diem on “Enclosure Re-Opened: Gender and Sacred Space in Early Medieval Monasticism”.
Diem: Looking at the "Regula cuiusdam ad virgines" https://t.co/8ztPpeUyOY #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Diem: Can't be read as a stand-alone text—Columbanian update in response to Caesarius of Arles? #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Diem: Can't project Carolingian org of sacred space back onto Merovingian past; diff. theological & pragmatic considerations #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Diem: Regula Benedicti is vague/flexible in how it deals with space, whereas Caesarius v explicit re: enclosure #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Diem: Caesarius doesn't present enclosure as ascetic for women—it's supposed to make them happy #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Diem: Female communities not just mirror images of male re: regulae, but rather places of theological experimentation #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
The last speaker in the session was Gordon Blennemann on “Who Has the Fairest Prayers of Them All?: Gendered Transformations of Monastic Liturgy in the Early Medieval West.“
Blennemann: Focusing on this folio from @laBnF MS lat. 12048 https://t.co/t2TmgM1uft & its depiction of Mary w/ authority #s1030 #imc2017 pic.twitter.com/OKpIEwp2BE
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Blennemann: Inadequate to link quantitative diffs between male & female comms simply to growing importance of Mass #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Blennemann: Mass not only mode of liturgical intercession & memorial; nuns had access to other modes #s1030 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Session 1130: Gendered Perspectives on Monastic Reform, II: Establishing Gendered Realities in the High Middle Ages
The first speaker was Jirki Thibaut on “‘Canonicae vivere, claustra tenere’: The Negotiation of Reform in Female Monastic Communities in 10th-Century Saxony.“
.@Jirki_Thibaut: Need for fundamental re-evaluation of attitudes of female religious towards monastic reform #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@Jirki_Thibaut: Focus today on Quedlinburg, ca. 1000, to see how women there responded to reform initiatives #s1130 #imc2017 pic.twitter.com/AEaL2B1RjD
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@Jirki_Thibaut: Women of Quedlinburg not happy with Henry II's reform attempts; saw as despoliation #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@Jirki_Thibaut: Yet this shouldn't be read—as has sometimes been—that women religious were hostile to spiritual correction #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@Jirki_Thibaut: Quedlinburg had close assoc w/ Saxon branch of Ottonian family → accession of Henry II problematic for nuns #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@Jirki_Thibaut: Mismatch in power relation networks between Quedlinburg & Henry II #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
The second speaker was Sarah Greer, who spoke on “Sophia the Proud?: Gender and Imperial Identity in the Gandersheim Conflict.”
.@sarahlgreer: Was personality of Sophia, abbess of Gandersheim (R) cause of conflict w/ bishops or was it her imperial ID? #s1130 #imc2017 pic.twitter.com/q1XPUCvQUb
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@sarahlgreer: Who gets to veil Sophia sparks off a series of contentious & increasingly bitter debates between bishops #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@sarahlgreer: S's career shows problems could arise for woman highlighting political ID b/c raised polit'l stakes for comm #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@sarahlgreer: Plus could cause tensions w/in community—where does loyalty of imperial abbess lie? #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
The third speaker was Tracy Collins, who gave a paper entitled “Transforming Women Religious?: 12th-Century Church Reform and the Archaeology of Female Monasticism in Medieval Ireland.”
Collins: Zenith of female monasticism in early medieval Ireland continued to be 7thC; spectrum of size/coherence #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Collins: V. difficult to find women religious in Irish archaeological record before intro of continental orders #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Collins: Arch. evidence shows that Irish nunneries had multiplicity of reforms. 65+ sites known #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Collins: 50%+ of medieval Irish nunneries founded in 12thC #s1130 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Collins: Killone Abbey, Clare, is best preserved 12thC Irish nunnery #s1130 #imc2017 pic.twitter.com/omgeI0Ni8F
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Session 1230: Gendered Perspectives on Monastic Reform, III: Negotiating Communal Identities, 1050-1250
I was the first speaker, presenting, “‘Concerning the Sisters Who Persist in Their Stubbornness’: Gender and the Abbot Gervais’s Programme of Reform for the Premonstratensian Order.”
The second speaker was Sara Moens, whose talk was called, “‘Moniales incorporatae sunt’: The Role of the Bishop and Abbots in Institutionalizing Female Religious Fervor in Liège in the 13th Century.”
Moens: Focusing on Hugues of Pierrepont & his involvement with female Cistercian communities #s1230 #imc2017 pic.twitter.com/PU1CyMqO3s
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Moens: Examining the bishop's entourage helps explain his support for female Cistercians: e.g. Jacques de Vitry #s1230 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Moens: Didn't attach great importance to formal recognition of these female communities by the Cistercian General Chapter #s1230 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Moens: Hugues' successor as bishop was his nephew, Jean d'Eppes, who continued his uncle's support of these houses #s1230 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Moen: Jean maintained his uncle's entourage, but some diffs; put more stock in formal recognition by Cist. General Chapter #s1230 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Moens: Yet later bishops of Liège like William of Savoy & Robert of Thourotte moved away from Cistercian support #1230 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
The last person on the panel was Kirsty Day, who spoke on “The Role of Franciscan Women in Transmitting, Developing, and Implementing the Mandates of the Fourth Lateran Council.”
.@DrKirstyDay: Begins with look at vita of Anna of Bohemia, claimed as founder of f. Franciscan house at Wrocław #s1230 #imc2017 #nuntastic pic.twitter.com/8uxEIbn02N
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@DrKirstyDay: Royal women in Central Europe heavily influenced in their penitential piety by legacy of Elizabeth of Hungary #s1230 #imc2017 pic.twitter.com/rpDOG5WpHH
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@DrKirstyDay: Royal & religious IDs combined in those royal women who become nuns; couldn't leave the world behind them #s1230 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@DrKirstyDay: e.g. Kinga of Poland becomes Franciscan but retains aspects of royal ID in how she is named #s1230 #imc2017 pic.twitter.com/rDunFrxMgY
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
Session 1330: Gendered Perspectives on Monastic Reform, IV: Late Medieval Reflections and Responses
The first speaker in the final panel was Julie Hotchin, who looked at “The Provost as ‘Wise Architect’ of Reform: Gender and Material Culture at Ebstorf in the Late 15th Century.”
Looking forward to being part of this strand on Gendered Perspectives on Reform, #s1330! https://t.co/J95l3alfAT
— Julie Hotchin (@JulieHotchin) July 1, 2017
.@JulieHotchin: focusing on convent chronicle produced by young nun at Ebstorf & how she portrays the comm's provost #s1330 #imc2017 pic.twitter.com/8povYC9feM
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@JulieHotchin: On appt, this provost Matthias von dem Knesbeck carried out building works: new church, walk, kitchen etc #s1330 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@JulieHotchin: Though the new grille installed had to be modified a few years later—so solid that couldn't hear through it! #s1330 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
.@JulieHotchin: Physical changes had not just practical aims but theological ones—incorporate reflection into daily practice #s1330 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
This is the same Ebstorf that produces the famous map—it occurs to me, is that female rel. provenance often highlighted? #s1330 #imc2017 pic.twitter.com/e5rCe2twch
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
The day’s final speaker was Jennifer De Vries, who spoke on, “Reforming the Semi-Monastic: Beguines and Male Authority in the Late Medieval Low Countries.”
DeVries: Looking at texts like this one from the Sint-Pancras Begijnhof: https://t.co/ad70BzCMNo #s1330 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
DeVries: Using beguine rules to get a sense of what definition of "beguine" ID was & how male agents were involved #s1330 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
DeVries: Fragmentary rule from 's-Hertogenbosch may have been written by female head of community herself #s1330 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017
DeVries: Looking at these texts provides interesting comparisons with what one would expect post-Council of Vienne #s1330 #imc2017
— Yvonne Seale (@yvonneseale) July 5, 2017